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Okoye, N. F.
- Effect of Microgynon, Primolut-N and Postinor on Plasma Total Protein of Wistar Albino Rat (Rattus rattus)
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PDF Views:523
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.M.B 5323, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NG
2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.M.B 5323, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, IN
1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.M.B 5323, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NG
2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.M.B 5323, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Medicine and Healthcare, Vol 1, No 6 (2012), Pagination: 127-131Abstract
Microgynon a combined pill (0.15mg levonorgestrel and 0.03mg ethinylestradiol), Primolut-N a mini pill (5mg norethister-one) and Postinor a post coital pill (0.75mg levonorgestrel) were analysed for their Invivo effects on wistar albino rat, plasma total protein. Plasma total protein is a measure of the total amount of proteins in the blood. Studies showed that plasma total protein was decreased by the drugs with Microgynon having the highest decrease (0.57 ± 0.19 g/l) (P < 0.05) followed by Primulot (0.95 ± 0.19 g/l) and then Postinor (1.14 ± 0.19 g/l). The random use of the drugs in our society today especially as most women abuse these drugs demands for more biochemical research to elucidate the effects of these drugs not only on the hormones but also, on other biochemical parameters like the plasma total protein. The obtained results indicate that women should use these drugs only after physicians advice.Keywords
Microgynon, Primolut-N, Total ProteinFull Text
References
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- CHPE, Division of Reproductive Health (1984) Family planning methods and practice. US Public Health service. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta Georgia 30333. USA.
- Grimes DA, Mishell DR Jr and Speroff L (1993) Contraceptive choices for women with medical problems. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198, 625-630.
- Kay CR, Crombie DL, Kuenssberg EV, Pinsent RJFH, Richards B, Smith A, Crowther CH (1974) Oral contraceptives and health. The Royal college of General Practitioners study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 10,150.
- Kuhl H and Goethe JW (1990) Pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives, steroids and drug interaction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 163, 2113.
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- Mann JL, Doll R, Thorogood M and Vessey MP (1986) Risk factors for myocardial infarction in young women. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 30, 94.
- Meade TW, Greenberg G and Thompson SG (1980) Progestogens and cardiovascular reactions associated with oral contraceptives and a comparison of the safety of 50- and 30-ug oestrgen preparations. Br. Med. J. 280, 1157.
- Skouby SO and Jesperson J (1990) Oral contraceptives in the nineties, metabolic aspects, facts and fiction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163, 276.
- Weichselbaum TE (1946) Photometric colorimetric test for total proteins. Am. J. Clin. Path. 16, 40-48.
- Wilson ES, Curickshank J and McMaster M (1984) A prospective controlled study of the effect on blood pressure of contraceptive preparations containing different types and dosages and progestogen. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 91, 1254.
- Effects of Levonorgestrel, Ethinylestradiol and Norethisterone on Plasma Cholesterol and Triglycerides of Wistar Albino Rat (Rattus rattus)
Abstract Views :345 |
PDF Views:280
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt Nigeria, NG
1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt Nigeria, NG
Source
Indian Journal of Medicine and Healthcare, Vol 1, No 4 (2012), Pagination: 85-89Abstract
The effects of Microgynon, a combined oral contraceptive pill (0.15mg levonorgestrel and 0.03mg ethinylestradiol) and Primolut -N, a progestogen only pill (5mg norethisterone) were analysed for their in-vivo effects on rat (<I>rattus rattus</I>) plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. The drugs decreased plasma cholesterol levels in a concentration dependent manner. Microgynon had the most effect, and a highest percentage decrease of 93.33% (0.002 ± 0.001 mmol/l (P < 0.05)) was observed for the highest dose of 3.6μg/100g body wt. Primolut had lesser effects with figures (0.008 ± 0.001 mmo/l and 0.009 ± 0.001mmol/l respectively). The drugs increased the levels of triglyceride with Microgynon showing the highest value (0.114 ± 0.006 mmol/l). This result indicates that lipoprotein profile are needed for women before using these drugs.Keywords
Levonorgestrel, Ethinylestradiol, Norethisterone , Cholesterol, TriglyceridesFull Text
References
- Bracken MB, Hellenbrand KG, Holford TR (1990) Conception delay after oral contraceptive use: The effect of estrogen dose. Fertil. Steril. 53,21.
- Briggs M (1992) The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.14 (15), 443.
- Grimes DA, Mishell DR Jr, Speroff L (1993) Contraceptive choices for women with medical problems. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198, 625-630.
- Henderson M, Dorflinger J, Fishman J, Foster HW, Gump FE, Hellman S, Hulka BS, Mattison DR, McKay SAR, Moses LE, Norsigian J, Potts M, Schwartz NB, Smith H, Stolley PD and Wiggins PV (1991) Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. National Academy Press. pp: 1-77.
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- Kloosterboer HJ, Van Wayjen GR, Van den Ende A (1986) Comparative effects of monophasic desogestrel plus ethinyloestradiol and triphasic levonorgestrel plus ethinyloestradiol on lipid metabolism. Contraception. 34,125.
- Mishell DR Jr (1982) Nonecontraceptive health benefits of oral steroidal contraceptives. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.142, 809.
- NCEP, National Cholesterol Education Programme (2001) Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol on adults (Adult treatment Panel II). JAMA Publication, 285 (19), 2486-2497.
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- Patsch W, Brown SA, Gotto AM (1989) The effect of triphassic oral contraceptives on plasmas lipids and lipoproteins. AM. J.Obstet. Gynecol. 161, 1396.
- Percival-Smith RK, Morrison BJ, Sizto R (1987) The effect of the triphasic and biphasic oral contraceptive preparations on HDL- Cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol in young women. Contraception. 35, 179.
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- Scott JA and Brenner PF (1978) Comparison of the effects of contraceptive steroid formulations containing two doses of estrogen on pituairtary function. Fertil. steril. 30,141.
- Skouby SO and Jesperson J (1990) Oral contraceptives in the nineties, metabolic aspects, facts and fiction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163, 276.
- Smith RP and Sizto R (1983) Metabolic effects of two triphasic formulations containing ethinyl estradiol and dl-norgestrel. J. Contraception. 28 (2), 189 -199.
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- Effects of Oral Contraceptives - Microgynon and Primolut-n on Plasma Creatinine of Wistar Albino Rat
Abstract Views :686 |
PDF Views:326
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, PMB 5323, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NG
1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, PMB 5323, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NG
Source
Indian Journal of Medicine and Healthcare, Vol 1, No 7 (2012), Pagination: 168-171Abstract
Oral contraceptives such as Microgynon a combined pill (0.15mg levonorgestrel and 0.03mg ethinylestradiol) and Primolut -N a mini pill (5mg norethisterone) were investigated for their Invivo effects on wistar albino rat plasma creatinine levels. Test results showed that the drugs raised plasma creatinine levels in a concentration dependent manner but the increase in creatinine levels were not time dependent. The highest increase of 300% was observed for Microgynon at the highest concentration of 3.60μg/100g body wt (354 ± 0.00 μmol/l). The highest increase obtained for Primolut-N was 182.75% (236 ± 29.50μmol/l). The differences in dosage were statistically significant on the effect of the drugs on the plasma creatinine levels at 95.0% confidence level (P<0.05). Creatinine is a protein breakdown product and its level is a reflection of the bodies muscle mass, but unlike urea, creatinine is almost independent of diet. Since the blood level reflects the balance between production and excretion, it varies little from day to day if renal function remains constant. This result makes it imperative that kidney function tests are needed for women before using these drugs.Keywords
Oral Contraceptives, Microgynon, Primolut-n, Plasma CreatinineFull Text
References
- Avonts D, Sercu M, Heyrich P, Vandermeeren I, Meheus A and Pilot P (1990) Incidence of uncomplicated genital infections in women using oral contraceptives or an uterine device: A prospective study. Sexually transmited dis. 17 (1), 23-29
- Briggs M (1976) Biochemical effects of oral contraceptives. Adv. Steroid Biochem. Pharmacol. 5, 65 -160
- Briggs M (1978) Biochemical basis for the selection of oral contraceptives. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 39 (8), 19
- CHPE, Division of Reproductive Health, (1984) Family planning methods and practice : Africa. US. Public Health service. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta Georgia 30333. USA.
- Grimes DA, Mishell DR Jr and Speroff L (1993) Contraceptive choices for women with medical problems. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198, 625-630.
- Grinspoon SK, Friedman AJ, Miller KK, Lippman J, Olson WH and Warren MP (2003) Effects of a triphasic combination oral contraceptive containing Norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in young women with osteopenia secondary to hypothalamic amenorrhea. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism. 88 (8), 3651-3656.
- Henderson M, Dorflinger J, Fishman J, Foster HW and Gump FE, Hellman S, Hulka BS, Mattison DR, McKay SAR, Moses LE, Norsigian J, Potts M, Schwartz NB, Smith H, Stolley PD and Wiggins PV (1991) Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. National Academy Press. 1-77
- Henry RJ (1974) Clinical chemistry, principles and technics, 2nd Edn, Harper and Row. pp: 525.
- Liu SL and Lebrun CM (2006) Effects of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in premenopausal and perimenopausal women: a systematic review. Br. J. Sports Med. 40 (1), 11-24.
- Kay CR, Crombie DL, Kuenssberg EV, Pinsent, RJFH, Richards B, Smith A and Crowther CH (1974) Oral contraceptives and health. The Royal college of general practitioners study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 10,150.
- Shelepova T, Nafziger AN and Victory J (2005) Effect of a triphasic oral contraceptive on drug metabolizing enzyme activity as measured by the validated cooperstown 5+1 cocktail. J. clin. Pharmacol. 45, 1413 -1421.
- Skouby SO and Jesperson J (1990) Oral contraceptives in the nineties, metabolic aspects, facts and fiction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163, 276.
- Smith RP and Sizto R (1983) Metabolic effects of two triphasic formulations containing ethinyl estradiol and dl-norgestrel. J. Contraception. 28 (2), 189-199.
- Vessey M, Lawless M and Yeates D (1982) Efficacy of different contraceptive methods. Lancet. 1, 841.
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- Invivo Effect of Microgynon and Primolut-n on Plasma Sodium and Potassium of Wistar Albino Rat
Abstract Views :597 |
PDF Views:338
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, NG
1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, NG
Source
Indian Journal of Drugs and Diseases, Vol 1, No 4 (2012), Pagination: 92-96Abstract
Microgynon (0.15mg levonorgestrel and 0.03mg ethinylestradiol), is an oral contraceptives Primolut -N a mini pill (5mg norethisterone) were analysed for their in-vivo effects on albino rat plasma sodium and potassium levels. Studies showed that the drugs decreased sodium levels with microgynon showing the highest decrease of 29.85% at highest concentration level of 3.6μg /100g (94.00 ± 28.50mmol/l) (P < 0.05), followed by Primulot-N (102 ± 28.50 mmol/l). Investigations also revealed that the drugs decreased plasma potassium levels. Microgynon had the highest decrease of 88.88% for the highest dose of 3.60μg/100g body wt, while the lowest decrease of 22.22% was observed for the lowest dose of 0.36μg/100g).The sodium element plays an important role in salt and water balance in the body. The metabolism of sodium and potassium is closely linked with the maintenance of fluid balance and with the regulation of acid-base status, Elevated levels are related to acidosis as well as too much water crossing the cell membrane. The potassium element is found primarily inside the cells of the body. The random use of the drugs in our society today especially as most women abuse these drugs demands for more biochemical research to elucidate the effects of these drugs not only on the hormones but also on other biochemical parameters like the body electrolytes. This result indicates that laboratory tests are needed for women before using these drugs.Keywords
Microgynon, Primulot-n, Plasma Sodium and PotassiumFull Text
References
- Bracken MB and Hellenbrand KG and Holford TR (1990) Conception delay after oral contraceptive use: The effect of estrogen dose. Fertil. Steril. 53,21.
- CHPE, Division of Reproductive Health (1984) Family Planning Methods and Practice: Africa. U. S. Public Health service. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta Georgia 30333. USA.
- Ghoneim SM, Toppozada RK, El-Heneidy AR and Taha MM (1975) The effects of an oral contraceptive on acid-base balance, blood gases and electrolytes. J. Contraception.12(4),395 -405.
- Grimes DA, Mishell DR, Jr. and Speroff L (1993) Contraceptive choices for women with medical problems. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198,625-630.
- Henderson M, Dorflinger J, Fishman J, Foster HW, Gump FE, Hellman S, Hulka BS, Mattison DR, McKay SAR, Moses LE, Norsigian J, Potts M, Schwartz NB, Smith H, Stolley PD and Wiggins PV (1991) Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. National academy press. pp: 1-77.
- Henry RJ (1974) Clinical Chemistry, Principles and Technics, 2nd Edn, Harper and Row. pp: 525.
- Kay CR, Crombie DL, Kuenssberg EV, Pinsent RJFH, Richards B, Smith A and Crowther CH (1974) Oral contraceptives and health. The royal college of general practitioners study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 10,150.
- Kuhl H and Goethe JW (1990) Pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives, steroids and drug interaction. Am. J. Obst. Gynaecol. 163, 2113.
- Mishell DR Jr (1982) Nonecontraceptive health benefits of oral steroidal contraceptives. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 142, 809.
- Scott JA and Brenner PF (1978) Comparison of the effects of contraceptive steroid formulations containing two doses of estrogen on pituairtary function. Fertil. steril. 30,141.
- Skouby SO and Jesperson J (1990) Oral contraceptives in the nineties, metabolic aspects, facts and fiction. Am. J. Obstet Gynecol. 163,276.
- Smith RP and Sizto R (1983) Metabolic effects of two triphasic formulations containing ethinyl estradiol and dl-norgestrel. J. Contraception. 28 (2),189 -199.
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- Trinder P (1951) Invitro determination of sodium in serum. Analyst. 76,596.
- Wootton IDP and Freeman H (1982) Microanalysis in medical biochemistry, 6th Edn, Churchill Livingstone Inc. NY, USA. pp: 1-190.
- World Health Organization Task Force on Oral Contraceptives (1982). A randomized, double-blind study of two combined and two progestogen-only oral contraceptives. Contraception. 25,243.
- A Study of the invivo Effect of Microgynon and Primolut-n on Albino Rat Plasma Aspartate Amino Transferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and Alanine Amino Transferase (EC 2.6.1.2) at 37°c, Ph = 9.8
Abstract Views :418 |
PDF Views:315
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, NG
1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, NG
Source
Indian Journal of Drugs and Diseases, Vol 1, No 4 (2012), Pagination: 97-102Abstract
Oral contraceptives namely Microgynon a combined pill (0.15mg levonorgestrel and 0.03mg ethinylestradiol) and Primolut -N a mini pill (5mg norethisterone) were analysed for their in-vivo effects on albino rat plasma and erythrocyte aspartate amino transferase (AST). The in-vivo effects of the oral contraceptives on albino rat plasma and erythrocyte AST showed that the drugs inhibited the activity of the enzymes in a concentration dependent manner. The effect of the drugs on the enzymes were also time dependent with the highest inhibition obtained at 24 hours duration while the least inhibition occurred at 2 hours duration Microgynon showed the highest inhibition (7.00 ± 0.00 vs. control 31.00 ± 0.00 U/L) (P < 0.05) followed by Primolut (16.00 ± 0.00 vs. control 27.00 ± 4.00 U/L). The erythrocyte AST activity was also inhibited. The highest inhibition values obtained were Microgynon (36.00 ± 0.00 U/L) then Primolut (41.00 ± 0.00 U/L). The least inhibition values obtained were Microgynon and Primolut (67.00 ± 0.00). The in-vivo effects of the oral contraceptives on rat plasma and erythrocyte ALT showed that the drugs activated the activity of the enzymes in a concentration dependent manner. The effect of the drugs on the enzymes were also time dependent with the highest activation obtained at 24 hours duration while the least activation occurred at 2 hours duration. Primolut showed the highest activation (18.00 ± 0.00 U/L). The erythrocyte enzymes showed higher activity than the plasma enzymes. Microgynon showed the highest activity (50.00 ± 2.00 U/L). This result indicates that liver function tests are needed for women before using these drugs.Keywords
Microgynon, Primolut –NFull Text
References
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